![]() This funding opportunity announcement (FOA) is designed to support interdisciplinary research teams of multiple PD/PIs to investigate the mechanisms of action of pain relief using FDA-approved or -cleared medical devices with the overall goal of optimizing therapeutic outcomes for these technologies. Through targeted research efforts, the NIH HEAL Initiative aims to support the development of safe and effective devices to treat pain with little or no addiction liability. Innovative scientific solutions to develop alternative pain treatment options are thus critically needed. This contributed to a significant and alarming epidemic of opioid overdose deaths and addictions. In recent decades, there has been an overreliance on the prescription of opioids for chronic pain despite their poor ability to improve function and high addiction liability. Plant Cell Environ 21:232–239.More than 25 million Americans suffer from daily chronic pain, a highly debilitating medical condition that is complex and difficult to manage. Īlia HH, Chen THH, Murata N (1998) Transformation with a gene for choline oxidase enhances the cold tolerance of Arabidopsis during germination and early growth. Rome: FAOĪlhasnawi AN (2019) Role of proline in plant stress tolerance: A mini review. Īlexandratos N, Bruinsma J (2012) World agriculture towards 2030/ 2050: the 2012 revision. Īhn C, Park U, Park PB (2011) Increased salt and drought tolerance by d-ononitol production in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. This review critically examines the results obtained thus far for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of osmoprotectants for improved salt tolerance, and thus, crop yield stability under salt stress conditions, through the genetic engineering of trehalose, glycinebetaine, and proline metabolic pathway genes.Ībiotic stress Genetic engineering Osmoprotectant Salinity.Īhmad R, Kim MD, Back KH, Kim HS, Lee HS, Kwon SY, Murata N, Chung WI, Kwak SS (2008) Stress-induced expression of choline oxidase in potato plant chloroplasts confers enhanced tolerance to oxidative, salt, and drought stresses. However, no clear mechanistic model exists to explain how osmoprotectant accumulation in transgenic plants confers salt tolerance. Exogenous application of these osmoprotectants, and genetic engineering of enzymes in their biosynthetic pathways, have been reported to enhance salt tolerance in different plants. Recently, progress has been made in the identification and characterization of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of osmoprotectants. Although plants naturally produce osmoprotectants as an adaptive mechanism for salt stress tolerance, they offer only partial protection. Genetic engineering is used to introduce preferred gene(s) from any genetic reserve or to modify the expression of the existing gene(s) responsible for salt stress response or tolerance, thereby leading to improved salt tolerance in plants. ![]() Although traditional breeding has improved salt tolerance in several crops, this approach remains inadequate due to the low genetic diversity of certain important crop cultivars. Hence, to meet future food demands, it is essential to generate salt stress-resistant varieties. Salt stress negatively impacts agricultural crop yields. Previous studies on engineering osmoprotectant metabolic pathway genes focused on the performance of transgenic plants under salt stress conditions rather than elucidating the underlying mechanism(s), and hence, the mechanism(s) remain(s) unclear. ![]()
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